According to the "Internet of Things" report by the International Telecommunication Union, four key application technologies are driving the development of IoT: RFID, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), intelligent technology, and nanotechnology. Among these, RFID and WSN stand out as the most prominent. Although they originated from different fields and have distinct developmental paths, their integration has become a growing trend due to the continuous advancement of both technologies. RFID was initially designed for item identification, with simple tags that stored basic ID information and were activated by readers through radio signals. As the technology evolved, RFID tags became more sophisticated, incorporating microprocessors, batteries, and communication protocols. This evolution brings RFID closer to WSN nodes, especially when integrated with a WSN. Such a combination enhances the convenience and intelligence of tag data collection, while WSN's strong networking capabilities expand the range of RFID systems. From the WSN perspective, its focus lies in network connectivity, sensor data collection, and the integration of RFID has opened new possibilities for sensor networks. Thus, RFID and WSN complement each other, making their fusion highly significant.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is considered one of the ten most important technologies of this century, playing a vital role in fast, real-time, and accurate information collection and processing. With advancements in large-scale integrated circuits, network communication, and information security, RFID has shown tremendous potential and wide application. Its advantages include automatic identification without manual intervention, operation in harsh environments, and features like data reading/writing and encryption. These benefits improve quality of life, business efficiency, and public safety. RFID is increasingly used across various sectors, such as logistics, transportation, agriculture, healthcare, and more. As technology matures and costs decrease, it is becoming more widespread, especially in government-managed public utilities like financial IC cards and mobile payments. A typical RFID system includes a reader, an electronic tag, middleware, and application software. The reader communicates with the tag, which stores identity information and acts as a data carrier. Middleware serves as a bridge between RFID devices and enterprise applications, enabling seamless data exchange. RFID systems can be categorized into inductive coupling and electromagnetic backscatter coupling, each suitable for different operational ranges and frequencies.
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of numerous micro-sensor nodes deployed in a monitoring area to form a self-organizing multi-hop network via wireless communication. Each node collects data and forwards it to a coordinator, working collaboratively to perceive, collect, and process information within the network’s coverage. The three core elements of a WSN are sensors, objects being sensed, and observers. A typical sensor node comprises modules for data acquisition, signal sensing, processing, storage, transceiving, power supply, and supporting software. Unlike traditional networks, WSNs are dynamic and reconfigurable, adapting to changes in node movement and environmental conditions. As WSN and RFID technologies develop, their similarities increase, making their integration more practical. This synergy holds great economic and social value, such as combining RFID with temperature, humidity, or acceleration sensors. For example, during goods transportation, if the temperature exceeds safe limits or food is about to expire, the system can alert the monitoring center. Similarly, if a truck is moving too fast, an acceleration sensor can detect it and trigger a warning to the driver, even adjusting the speed remotely. This integration paves the way for smarter, more efficient, and safer IoT ecosystems.
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