According to statistics, 80% of our time in our lives is indoors, but GPS cannot operate indoors. Psychologists say there is a fear of people not understanding the surrounding environment, especially in indoor closed spaces. Think about how much time you spent in the underground parking lot to find a way? Is the feeling of not finding an exit going out bad?
Indoor positioning navigation has huge demand and broad prospects: in the business scenario, the store hopes that consumers can actively send some promotional discounts when they enter the store, which can be applied to mobile shopping, mobile e-commerce, personalized advertising/offer information. Users will want to be able to get the location of the store or the desired product directly. Looking for boarding gates, looking for hospital departments, looking for booths, and finding cars in airports, hospitals, convention centers, large parking lots, etc., too many need navigation and positioning. Last but not least, parents no longer have to worry about losing their children. The perfect combination of indoor positioning technology and outdoor positioning technology can track the child's position in real time.
Indoor positioning technologyA variety of needs have driven the development of indoor positioning technology. At present, the outdoor positioning technology is mature, the market mechanism is good, and the application is extensive. However, indoor GPS-free signals cannot be located, but people spend most of their time indoors, so there is a strong positioning requirement for indoor positioning. There are various technical branches for indoor positioning. The following figure is a comparison of various indoor positioning solutions:
1, UWB (Ultra Wide Band) pulse signal
The TDOA and AOA positioning algorithms are used to analyze the position of the tag by multiple sensors. The multipath resolution is strong, the precision is high, and the positioning accuracy can reach centimeter level. However, UWB is difficult to achieve a wide range of indoor coverage, and the mobile phone does not support UWB, and the positioning cost is very high.
2. Positioning of RFID
The card is used to position the card reader or device according to the position of the reader. The main applications are widely used in warehouses, factories and shopping malls in goods, commodity circulation, ETC, office attendance, etc., and can not be real-time positioning, low positioning accuracy, no communication capability, and poor anti-interference ability.
3, ZigBee indoor positioning technology
A networking is formed between a plurality of blind nodes to be located and a reference node of a known location and a gateway, and each of the tiny blind nodes communicates with each other to achieve overall positioning. As a low-power and low-cost communication system, ZigBee's signal transmission is greatly affected by multipath effects and motion, and the positioning accuracy depends on the channel physical quality, signal source density, environment and algorithm accuracy, resulting in positioning. The cost of the software is high and the room for improvement is still large. ZigBee indoor positioning has been adopted by many large factories and workshops as personnel on-the-job management systems.
4, ultrasonic positioning
The representative of the application case is Shopkic, which installs an ultrasonic signal box in the store, and the mobile phone microphone detects the sound wave to achieve positioning, mainly for the check-in of the store. The attenuation of ultrasonic waves in the air is large, and it is not suitable for large-scale applications. In addition, the reflection ranging is greatly affected by multipath effects and non-line-of-sight propagation, resulting in investment in the underlying hardware facilities that require accurate analysis and calculation, and the cost is too high.
5, LED positioning system
Through the LED luminaire on the ceiling, the luminaire emits a flashing signal like the Moss telegram password, which is then received and detected by the user's smartphone camera, and the positioning accuracy can be within 1 meter. LED positioning needs to be retrofitted with LED lamps, adding chips, increasing costs, infrared rays can only be spread by line-of-sight, and the penetration is extremely poor, and it is highly susceptible to environmental factors such as light and smoke. The positioning effect is limited. It is more suitable for the precise positioning record of the trajectory of simple objects in the laboratory and the positional positioning of the indoor self-propelled robot. Despite this, LED positioning is a promising indoor positioning technology.
6, geomagnetic and computer vision positioning
At present, most of these two types of products are used for military and scientific exploration, such as geomagnetic navigation commonly used in military underwater navigation, and the navigation of the rover uses computer vision navigation.
7, Wi-Fi positioning
Due to the popularity of Wi-Fi networks, it has become very popular. Wi-Fi positioning can reach meter-level positioning (1~10 meters). There are two kinds of Wi-Fi positioning technology. One is to compare the wireless signal strength of mobile devices and three wireless network access points by differential algorithm. Accurately position people and vehicles in a triangle. The other is to record a large amount of signal strength at a certain location point in advance, and determine the location ("fingerprint" location) by comparing the database with the huge amount of data with the signal strength of the newly added device. However, iOS does not support Wi-Fi indoor positioning (Apple locks the underlying Wi-Fi, developers can not know some important Wi-Fi messages), can not be accurately positioned and the response speed is not high. Wi-Fi positioning is suitable for positioning and navigation of people or vehicles. It can be used in medical institutions, theme parks, factories, shopping malls and other places where positioning and navigation are required. Ibeacon has been gradually positioned on the market.
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