The PIC microcontroller offers four different oscillation modes, which can be selected using the F0SC1 and F0SC0 bits in the configuration register CONFIG. These settings are programmed during the EPROM programming process.
Crystal Oscillator / Ceramic Oscillator:
In XT, LP, and HS modes, a crystal or ceramic resonator must be connected between the OSC1/CLKIN and OSC2/CLKOUT pins of the microcontroller to generate oscillation, as illustrated in Figure 1. A resistor (RS) is often used to prevent overdriving the crystal. For standard crystal oscillators, the feedback resistance RF is typically around 10 MΩ. For crystals operating above 32kHz, especially when VDD > 4.5V, it's recommended to use capacitors C1 and C2 each with a value of approximately 30 pF. C1 is used for phase adjustment, while C2 helps fine-tune the gain.
Table 1: Oscillator Type Selection
F0SC1 |
F0SC0 |
Oscillation Mode |
0 |
0 |
Low Power Oscillation (LP) |
0 |
1 |
Standard Crystal Oscillation (XT) |
1 |
0 |
High Speed Crystal Oscillation (HS) |
1 |
1 |
RC Oscillator (Resistor/Capacitor) |
Each mode has its own advantages and is suitable for different applications. The LP mode is ideal for low-power designs, while the HS mode is used for high-speed operations. The XT mode is commonly used with standard crystal oscillators, and the RC mode is a cost-effective solution when precision is not critical. Understanding these options allows engineers to optimize performance, power consumption, and cost based on their specific project requirements.
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