The performance of new energy vehicles is largely determined by the "three power" core components: power batteries, drive motors, and motor controllers. These are often referred to as the "big three" in the industry. The drive motor serves as the main power source for electric vehicles, similar to the engine in traditional fuel-powered cars. Meanwhile, the motor controller is responsible for managing and regulating the operation of the drive motor.
Overview of New Energy Vehicle Motors
As one of the key components in new energy vehicles, the drive motor has more complex technical requirements compared to conventional industrial motors. Like other motors, it consists of three main parts: the stator, rotor, and mechanical structure. However, due to the limited installation space, harsh working conditions, and challenges such as high vibration, large impact, corrosion, and extreme temperatures, new energy vehicle motors must be compact, powerful, reliable, and cost-effective.
With the growing popularity of new energy vehicles in China, the demand for drive motors has been increasing rapidly. It is expected that as production and sales continue to rise over the next few years, the motor market will see significant growth. In 2016, China sold over 559,000 new energy vehicle drive motors, and the market size was projected to exceed 98 billion yuan by 2020.
In the coming years, the share of motors used in new energy passenger cars is expected to increase. By 2020, it's estimated that 47.4% of new energy vehicle motors will be used in passenger cars, with the overall penetration rate reaching around 42.7%. This highlights the growing importance of drive motors in the electric vehicle sector.
New energy vehicle drive system cost ratio:
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New Energy Vehicle Motor Types
There are four primary types of motors used in new energy vehicles: DC motors, AC induction motors, permanent magnet brushless motors (including permanent magnet synchronous motors), and switched reluctance motors. Among these, permanent magnet synchronous motors dominate the domestic market due to their high efficiency, compact design, and high power density, mainly used in passenger cars.
AC induction motors are popular due to their low cost and simple structure, but they tend to be larger and heavier, limiting their widespread use. They are primarily found in some new energy passenger cars. Switched reluctance motors have a simple and reliable structure, but their torque fluctuations and noise make them less suitable for general applications, mostly used in new energy buses.
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New Energy Vehicle Motor Type: Three Development Directions
One major trend is the permanent magnetization of motors, which improves efficiency. Permanent magnet motors offer high efficiency, high specific power, and easy maintenance. While the U.S. and Europe favor AC induction motors, Japan and China prefer permanent magnet motors.
Digitization is another important direction, involving not only control systems but also measurement units and integration with CNC interfaces. System integration aims to reduce costs by combining electromechanical components and control modules into standardized units, though reliability remains a challenge.
The future of new energy vehicle drive motors will likely focus on permanent magnetization, digitization, and system integration.
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New Energy Vehicle Motor Cooperation Models: Three-Point World
Currently, the global motor market is dominated by OEMs, traditional auto parts suppliers, and specialized motor companies. In China, specialized motor firms hold the largest market share, including companies like Ocean Electric, CSR Times, Younet, and others.
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2016 New Energy Motor Type Market Share
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Major Domestic New Energy Motor Suppliers and Their Customers
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There are various ways to distribute the motor, as discussed in the electronic control series of the New Energy Hundred Lectures. One notable technology gaining attention is the wheel hub motor. Also known as the in-wheel motor, this technology integrates power, transmission, and braking directly into the wheel hub, significantly simplifying the vehicle’s mechanical structure and freeing up more space. This could potentially become the ultimate driving solution in the future.
In terms of market analysis, the investment in motors is relatively smaller compared to power batteries. As the domestic new energy vehicle industry grows, manufacturers are developing quickly. Some say that while there may still be a gap in motor technology compared to foreign countries, the difference is not as significant as perceived. Foreign giants are actively entering the Chinese market and seeking local partners, as seen with Magna collaborating with Huayu.
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