Design RF / Microwave with electromagnetic and mathematical software
Software plays an increasingly important role in high-frequency design, especially under the trend of more functions being integrated into smaller circuits. Design engineers have many choices in computer-aided engineering (CAE) software tools, from full-function multi-program suites to single-function tools. There are two more general tool types—mathematical and electromagnetic (EM) programs, which are very helpful in analyzing various designs from antennas to waveguides.
The electromagnetic simulation program uses Maxwell's equations to analyze high frequencies and other structures, and calculates the electromagnetic field behavior of these structures. The analysis result can be two-dimensional (2D plane) or three-dimensional (3D) field information, or a combination of the two into 2.5D. Because electromagnetic simulation programs use computationally intensive algorithms to calculate the matrix of Maxwell's equations representing each frequency point, some older programs either require a long time to calculate complex structures or require the powerful processing power of computer clusters to shorten operations time. However, as the working clock frequency of multi-core microprocessors becomes higher and higher, electromagnetic code writers can make full use of the newly developed parallel processing capabilities to accelerate the simulation speed of the electromagnetic simulator.
For example, Sonnet Software ’s latest version of the SONNET suite of professional software sets, version 12, can take advantage of the parallel processing capabilities of the multi-core central processing unit (CPU) to provide faster simulation speeds than previous versions. Sonnet's matrix calculator is optimized for parallel processing, and has achieved a significant increase in computing speed. The speed can be increased by 7 times when using a typical workstation with dual quad-core microprocessors.
Sonnect also developed two new versions of the electromagnetic analysis engine. Sonnet's Desktop Solver is specifically developed for a typical personal computer (PC), which can use two parallel CPU cores to shorten the calculation time. Sonnet's High Performance Solver is developed for high-end workstations with dual quad-core CPUs, which can provide eight-way parallel solutions for each frequency on up to 8 CPU cores. Combined with the improved grid algorithm, the calculation speed of Sonnet's latest analysis engines can be 50 times faster than the company's old software.
The 2009 version of ADS software helps circuit, package, circuit board, and system design engineers to work on a single software platform.
Remcom's XFdtd version 7 (XF7) is another electromagnetic simulator that utilizes shared memory multiprocessor (MPM) technology. This full-wave electromagnetic calculus uses the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis method, and its latest version is very suitable for antenna design and analysis, biological electromagnetic analysis (such as the study of the special attraction rate of electromagnetic energy (SAR)) and microwave circuit design. This software provides a pipelined user interface that can run independently on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux operating systems, divided into Pro and Bio-Pro versions. Both versions have built-in 32-bit or 64-bit analysis modules, geometry modelers, and post-processor capabilities, and can share memory with up to 8 microprocessor cores and various 3D CAE import modules. Bio-Pro version also provides SAR function.
Ansoft's latest version of the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software version 11 is also designed to increase processing speed. This full-wave 3D electromagnetic field simulator takes less time to calculate complex geometric structures and consumes less computer memory. The latest version can provide new automation features, user interface improvements, and data link functions. New features include higher-order layered basic functions, which together with an iterative calculator can achieve a smaller grid around multi-wavelength structures; an enhanced port calculator that handles lower frequencies; and can analyze frequency-selective surfaces and phased arrays Floquet port of the antenna.
Another trend of high-frequency software tools is to add electromagnetic compatibility / electromagnetic interference (EMC / EMI) simulation functions in circuit simulators, the purpose of which is to optimize the signal integrity (SI) performance of components and circuits. For example, Computer SimulaTIon Technology (CST) claims to integrate cable, PCB and EMC / EMI simulation functions in its CST STUDIO SUITE software tool set. This software suite includes the CST PCB STUDIO and CST CABLE STUDIO programs as part of the CST DESIGN ENVIRONMENT design environment, which can use the CST MICROWAVE STUDIO time domain calculator to optimize 3D components.
In order to facilitate signal integrity research, Zeland Software is now launching IE3DSI software for developing packages, PCBs, integrated circuits (ICs), and monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). The software uses an automated "layout to electromagnetic model design process", and this process can be integrated with Cadence's Allegro PCB / Package Designer and AWR Microwave Office, AutoCAD DXF and GDSII databases. IE3DSI software supports automatic creation of 3D geometric models, including binding wires, dielectric material thickness and interconnections. It also has private non-uniform grid generation and adaptive curve fitting functions, supporting fast and accurate processing.
Zeland's IE3D-SI has a mixed-domain SPICE simulation function that can be used to analyze transient behavior in the time domain and study the time-harmonic characteristics of passive structures including interconnects. The software can complete broadband SPICE model extraction, perform test signal simulation and analysis, and can perform random or jitter transmission line analysis-supporting clock signal analysis with eye diagram display function.
As a symbol of the increased integration of electromagnetic software tools, the 2009 version of Advanced Design System (ADS) software from Agilent Technologies helps circuit, package, circuit board, and system designers work on a single software platform (see figure). In addition to including many component models in the latest cellular and wireless standards (including LTE and WiMAX), this software suite supports signal integrity studies through fast eye diagram optimization of multi-gigabit high-speed serial links, including layout geometry , Pre-emphasis and quantization are optimized for the lowest bit error rate (BER).
ADS2009 uses Agilent's X-parameters, which are device parameters based on nonlinear measurement data, and can be used to study the linear behavior of amplifiers and transistors. ADS2009 also has three-dimensional electromagnetic parametric elements that represent metal shields, antenna shields, absorbers, packaging, interconnects, finite dielectric substrates, and wire bonding. To improve efficiency, ADS2009 can also be used with Cadence and Mentor Graphics tools.
AWR has challenged electromagnetic simulation software users. Its AXIEM three-dimensional planar electromagnetic simulator can increase the processing speed record created by another commercial planar electromagnetic simulator. AXIEM electromagnetic simulator can be seamlessly integrated with AWR's Microwave Office and Analog Office.
Mathematical software is more versatile in application than electromagnetic simulators, because as long as relationships can be defined by formulas, there will be mathematical software. Mathematical software can be used in the fields of electrical and electronic design, and biological, chemical, mechanical, and thermal research. For more information about mathematics software, you can refer to numerous websites, including the Drexel University Mathematics Forum, which objectively price free mathematics programs and information about commercial symbol processors, such as MathCAD, Maple, and Mathematica The National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) also provides a Guide to Available Mathematical Software (GAMS) on the website to help users who are looking for more information about mathematical software.
In terms of commercial packaging, Maplesoft's Maple Toolbox for MATLAB is a tool set for use with MATLAB software from The Mathworks. Maple Toolbox for MATLAB can work with exact numbers, including decimals, roots, and symbols. It can complete simplified tasks quickly and accurately. Using symbolization techniques, numerical approximations can be delayed until needed and used with the symbolic parameters in question. The software can access more than 4000 mathematical functions in Maple, covering a wide range of topics, such as differential equations, statistics, calculus, and linear algebra.
Mathsoft's latest version of Mathcad, version 14, integrates standard mathematical symbols, text, and graphics into a single worksheet. The software is easy to use and does not require special programming techniques. Mathcad also provides complete unicode support for global cooperation and intellectual property (IP) protection. The new worksheet analysis function allows worksheets to be compared side by side.
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